{"id":738,"date":"2013-06-14T12:49:11","date_gmt":"2013-06-14T04:49:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gpcommon.org\/ch\/?p=738"},"modified":"2018-11-28T14:48:25","modified_gmt":"2018-11-28T06:48:25","slug":"ssir-6-reshaping-edu-polic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.gpcommon.org\/ch\/2013\/06\/14\/ssir-6-reshaping-edu-polic\/","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u65af\u5766\u798f\u793e\u4f1a\u521b\u65b0\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u5341\u5468\u5e74\u5e86\u7279\u520a \uff08\u516d\uff09\uff1a\u91cd\u5851\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ssireview.org\/articles\/entry\/reshaping_u.s._public_education_policy\" target=\"_blank\">Reshaping U.S. Public Education Policy<\/a>,\u00a0\u00a0by Stanley N. Katz,\u00a0Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2013<\/p>\n<p>\u8bd1\u8005\uff1a\u5f90\u946b<\/p>\n<hr style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\" \/>\n<p>25\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u82e5\u88ab\u95ee\u53ca\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4f1a\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6700\u4f73\u9662\u6821\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u65af\u5766\u798f\u548c\u54c8\u4f5b\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u6709\u5173K-12\uff08\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed-\u9ad8\u4e2d\uff09\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6784\u60f3\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6784\u60f3\u5728\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u70ed\u95e8\u201d\u6784\u60f3\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6765\u81ea\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6539\u9769\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u96f6\u6572\u788e\u6253\uff0c \u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u62ff\u51fa\u603b\u4f53\u7b56\u7565\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u6574\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u5b66\u9662\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u5168\u56fdK-12\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e5\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u3001\u798f\u7279\u3001\u76ae\u5c24\u3001\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u53ca\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\uff09\u5747\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u9879\u76ee\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u9879\u76ee\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u76ae\u5c24\u7684Bob Schwartz\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\uff08\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u4f46\u8f83\u5c11\uff09\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u516c\u5f00\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u5404\u5dde\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\u5458\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u5168\u56fd\u5dde\u957f\u534f\u4f1a \u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u201d\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u6210\u4e3a\u524d\u6d6a\u3002\u4e5f\u5728\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f20\u7edf\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u6027\u6148\u5584\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bfb\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u66f4\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u7f6e\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6148\u5584\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5176\u5b9e\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u6279\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6539\u5584\u5357\u65b9\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u201d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u65af\u83b1\u7279\u57fa\u91d1\u3001\u743c\u65af\u57fa\u91d1 \uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u6731\u5229\u53f6\u65af\u00b7\u7f57\u68ee\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Julius Rosenwald\uff09\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7D\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\uff08John D. Rockefeller Sr.\uff09\u548c\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u5361\u5185\u57fa\uff08Andrew Carnegie\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u843d\u540e\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u5b69\u7ae5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6539\u5584\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4e3a\u6539\u5584\u793e\u4f1a\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6148\u5584\u6295\u8d44\u8fd8\u80fd\u518d\u505a\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u30021915\u5e74\u6c83\u5c14\u4ec0\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8054\u90a6\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u79f0\uff0c\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u6b63\u6b32\u4ee5\u5176\u655b\u805a\u7684\u4e0d\u4e49\u4e4b\u8d22\u6765\u98a0\u8986\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5b9a\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u768450\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5728\u516c\u5f00\u652f\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\u663e\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u8c28\u614e\u3002\u76f4\u81f360\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u798f\u7279\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u652f\u6301\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u5e03\u6717\u58eb\u5a01\u5c14\uff08Ocean Hill-Brownsville\uff09\u6bb5\u5b66\u533a\u81ea\u5236\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u518d\u6b21\u91c7\u53d6\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b21\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u56de\u5230\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u60ef\u6709\u7684\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u652f\u6301\u672c\u6587\u5f00\u5934\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u7f29\u5934\u7f29\u8111\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4fbf\u662f\u6700\u65b0\u4e00\u6279\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u8c03\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u534f\u540c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u6279\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u9886\u5934\u7f8a\u5305\u62ec\u6bd4\u5c14\u53ca\u6885\u7433\u8fbe\u76d6\u8328\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u3001\u827e\u5229\u53ca\u827e\u5fb7\u601d\u5e03\u7f57\u5fb7\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c83\u5c14\u987f\u5bb6\u65cf\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u53ca\u9700\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7ea0\u6b63\u63aa\u65bd\u6709\u5f88\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u7279\u8bb8\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u8de8\u5dde\u5171\u540c\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u9632\u8303\u6559\u5e08\u5de5\u4f1a\u5bf9\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u963b\u788d\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8fd8\u4ee5\u6709\u8da3\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u534f\u8c03\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6574\u4e2a\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u76d6\u8328\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u90a3\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6709\u7740\u975e\u5e38\u53ef\u89c2\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u7528\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u591a\u5e74\u81f4\u529b\u4e8eK-12\u6539\u9769\u8bae\u7a0b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f Arne Duncan\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u8d44\u6e90\u4ea7\u751f\u6760\u6746\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5f53Duncan\u8fd8\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u76d6\u8328\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u96c7\u7528\u76d6\u8328\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u524d\u4efb\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u9a7b\u8054\u90a6\u673a\u6784\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u8d44\u91d1\uff08\u8b6c\u5982\u201c\u529b\u4e89\u4e0a\u6e38\u201d\u9879\u76ee\uff0cRace to the Top\uff09\u548c\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1aK-12\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u6574\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u76df\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u65b0\u6148\u5584\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u6b63\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9488\u5bf9K-12\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4eec\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u3001\u5dde\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u4ece\u672a\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7d27\u5bc6\u8fc7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5438\u5f15\u8f83\u5c0f\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6295\u8d44\u5b9e\u73b0\u500d\u589e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u516c\u79c1\u5408\u4f5c\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\uff08\u7279\u8bb8\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u6821\u957f\u5b66\u9662\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4ee4\u6559\u5e08\u5de5\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u5904\u4e8e\u5b88\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4fbf\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u72b6\u51b5\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u5f53\u524d\u6148\u5584\u8d44\u672c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f71\u54cd\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\u6240\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u539a\u989c\u3001\u50b2\u6162\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e0\u89c6\u516c\u5171\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e100\u5e74\u524d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u731b\u70c8\u6279\u6597\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gpcommon.org\/ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Stanley_N_Katz-100x104.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"103\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-741\" src=\"http:\/\/www.gpcommon.org\/ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Stanley_N_Katz-100x104.jpg\" alt=\"2013.06.14-Stanley_N_Katz-100x104\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>\u4f5c\u8005Stanley N. 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